Materials, characterization, devices: The path towards artificial photosynthesis

Abstract

Artificial photosynthesis is a promising approach for achieving carbon-neutral energy systems. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and photoelectrochemical CO₂ reduction have attracted significant attention for their potential to store solar energy in fuels and chemicals while closing the carbon cycle. However, catalyst and photoelectrode materials often suffer from instability and insufficient activity or selectivity. Addressing these limitations requires a deep understanding of the physicochemical and structural changes that occur under operational conditions, enabled by advanced characterization techniques. Here, we provide an overview of the work of our team to understand the challenges in materials (catalysts and light absorbers), characterizations, and integration (devices) to realize artificial photosynthesis. We explore a range of material systems, including metal oxides, silicon, and halide perovskites, and show how our bespoke design strategy for integrated systems enables the sustained production of targeted reaction products.