Abstract
This article serves as an introduction to the concept of planetary boundaries, first proposed in 2009 to identify critical ecological thresholds that must not be crossed to maintain Earth's stability. It outlines the original framework of nine boundaries, including climate change and biodiversity loss, and traces its evolution to incorporate social dimensions, culminating in the Safe and Just Earth System Boundaries (ESB). By integrating equity and sustainability, the concept highlights the interconnectedness of ecological and social systems. Despite its significant scientific impact, political implementation remains challenging. Current assessments reveal that several boundaries have already been exceeded, emphasizing the urgent need for transformative action at both global and local levels.
