The origin of striation in the metastable β phase of titanium alloys observed by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract

For the β phase of Ti-5553-type metastable β-Ti alloys, striations in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) bright- and dark-field images have been frequently observed but their origin has not been sufficiently investigated. In the present work, this phenomenon is studied in depth from the macroscopic scale by neutron diffraction to the atomic scale by high-resolution TEM. The results reveal that the β phase contains homogeneously distributed modulated structures, intermediate between that of the β phase (cubic) and that of the α phase or the ω phase (hexagonal), giving rise to the appearance of additional diffraction spots at 1/2, 1/3 and 2/3 β diffraction positions. The intermediate structure between β and α is formed by the atomic displacements on each second {110}β plane in the [\langle 1{\overline 1}0\rangle_{\beta}] direction, whereas that between β and ω is formed by atomic displacements on each second and third {112}β plane in the opposite [\langle 11{\overline 1}\rangle_{\beta }] direction. Because of these atomic displacements, the {110}β and {112}β planes become faulted, resulting in the streaking of β diffraction spots and the formation of extinction fringes in TEM bright- and dark-field images, the commonly observed striations. The present work reveals the origin of the striations and the intrinsic correlation with the additional electron reflections of the β phase.