Abstract
The coupling of models is a commonly used approach when addressing the complex interactions between different components of the Earth system. This study presents the development of a new, high -resolution, coupled ocean and wave model system for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, which is part of the Geestacht COAstal model SysTem GCOAST. We focus on the nonlinear feedback between strong tidal currents and wind -waves, which can no longer be ignored, in particular in the coastal zone where its role seems to be dominant. The proposed coupling parameterisations account for the feedback between of the upper ocean on the atmospheric circulation by accounting for the effects of the sea level, and ocean temperature and salinity. A focus is given on the newly implemented parameterisations that consider the effect of non-liner contribution and the component transfer of the momentum and energy fluxes from the atmosphere to the ocean thought the waves interface. Sensitivity experiments are performed to estimate the role of different wave-ocean coupling components. The performance of the coupled modelling system is illustrated for the cases of several extreme events. For example, the inclusion of wave coupling changes sea surface temperature, the mixing and ocean circulation and the total sea level leading to better agreement with in -situ and satellite observations. The model comparisons with data from satellite altimeter and in-situ observations showed that the use of the fully coupled system reduces the errors, especially under severe storm conditions.
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