@misc{benamara_magnesium_implant_2023, 
author={Ben Amara, H., Martinez, D.C., Shah, F.A., Johansson Loo, A., Emanuelsson, L., Norlindh, B., Willumeit-Römer, R., Plocinski, T., Swieszkowski, W., Palmquist, A., Omar, O., Thomsen, P.},
title={Magnesium implant degradation provides immunomodulatory and proangiogenic effects and attenuates peri-implant fibrosis in soft tissues},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.014},
abstract = {Implants made of magnesium (Mg) are increasingly employed in patients to achieve osteosynthesis while degrading in situ. Since Mg implants and Mg2+ have been suggested to possess anti-inflammatory properties, the clinically observed soft tissue inflammation around Mg implants is enigmatic. Here, using a rat soft tissue model and a 1–28 d observation period, we determined the temporo-spatial cell distribution and behavior in relation to sequential changes of pure Mg implant surface properties and Mg2+ release. Compared to nondegradable titanium (Ti) implants, Mg degradation exacerbated initial inflammation. Release of Mg degradation products at the tissue-implant interface, culminating at 3 d, actively initiated chemotaxis and upregulated mRNA and protein immunomodulatory markers, particularly inducible nitric oxide synthase and toll-like receptor-4 up to 6 d, yet without a cytotoxic effect. Increased vascularization was demonstrated morphologically, preceded by high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. The transition to appropriate tissue repair coincided with implant surface enrichment of Ca and P and reduced peri-implant Mg2+ concentration. Mg implants revealed a thinner fibrous encapsulation compared with Ti. The detailed understanding of the relationship between Mg material properties and the spatial and time-resolved cellular processes provides a basis for the interpretation of clinical observations and future tailoring of Mg implants.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.014} (DOI). Ben Amara, H.; Martinez, D.; Shah, F.; Johansson Loo, A.; Emanuelsson, L.; Norlindh, B.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Plocinski, T.; Swieszkowski, W.; Palmquist, A.; Omar, O.; Thomsen, P.: Magnesium implant degradation provides immunomodulatory and proangiogenic effects and attenuates peri-implant fibrosis in soft tissues. Bioactive Materials. 2023. vol. 26, 353-369. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.014}}