@misc{tang_the_impact_2020, 
author={Tang, L., Ramacher, M.O.P., Moldanova, J., Matthias, V., Karl, M., Johansson, L., Jalkanen, J.-P., Yaramenka, K., Aulinger, A., Gustafsson, M.},
title={The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part 1: 2012 emissions},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020},
abstract = {Based on the modelled local and regional shipping contributions, the health effects of PM2.5, NO2 and ozone were assessed using the ALPHA-RiskPoll (ARP) model. An effect of the shipping-associated PM2.5 exposure in the modelled area was a mean decrease in the life expectancy by 0.015 years per person. The relative contribution of local shipping to the impact of total PM2.5 was 2.2 %, which can be compared to the 5.3 % contribution from local road traffic. The relative contribution of the regional shipping was 10.3 %. The mortalities due to the exposure to NO2 associated with shipping were calculated to be 2.6 premature deaths yr−1. The relative contribution of local and regional shipping to the total exposure to NO2 in the reference simulation was 14 % and 21 %, respectively. The shipping-related ozone exposures were due to the NO titration effect leading to a negative number of premature deaths. Our study shows that overall health impacts of regional shipping can be more significant than those of local shipping, emphasizing that abatement policy options on city-scale air pollution require close cooperation across governance levels. Our findings indicate that the strengthened Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECAs) fuel sulphur limit from 1 % to 0.1 % in 2015, leading to a strong decrease in the formation of secondary particulate matter on a regional scale was an important step in improving the air quality in the city.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020} (DOI). Tang, L.; Ramacher, M.; Moldanova, J.; Matthias, V.; Karl, M.; Johansson, L.; Jalkanen, J.; Yaramenka, K.; Aulinger, A.; Gustafsson, M.: The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part 1: 2012 emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2020. vol. 20, no. 12, 7509-7530. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020}}