@misc{stein_opioid_receptors_2016, author={Stein, C.}, title={Opioid Receptors}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-062613-093100}, abstract = {Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain. Their clinical application is undisputed in acute (e.g., postoperative) and cancer pain, but their long-term use in chronic pain has met increasing scrutiny. This article reviews mechanisms underlying opioid analgesia and other opioid actions. It discusses the structure, function, and plasticity of opioid receptors; the central and peripheral sites of analgesic actions and side effects; endogenous and exogenous opioid receptor ligands; and conventional and novel opioid compounds. Challenging clinical situations, such as the tension between chronic pain and addiction, are also illustrated.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-062613-093100} (DOI). Stein, C.: Opioid Receptors. Annual Review of Medicine. 2016. vol. 67, 433-451. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-062613-093100}}