%0 report
%@ 

%D 2013
%J 

 

%T Integrated coastal-zone risk management
%U 
 
%X Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is generally seen as the means to achieve sustainable development. There has been a decade or so of discussions on the need to incorporate the ecosystem into the management of human activities to ensure sustainability of goods and services for future generations (Christensen et al., 1996). Initially, EBM recognized the interconnectedness between human societies and ecosystems. Over time, however, the approach also considered the importance of a sound understanding of ecosystem components and processes. To deal with uncertainty, the precautionary approach and adaptive management principles were added to the concepts and approaches to guide management decisions (McLeod et al., 2005). Given the complexity and the variety of human activities within the ecosystem, integrated management processes were deemed necessary as a means to engage jurisdictions and stakeholders (UNESCO, 2006).