@article{gaudin_amorphous_to_2012, 
author={Gaudin, J. and Peyrusse, O. and Chalupsky, J. and Toufarova, M. and Vysin, L. and Hajkova, V. and Sobierajski, R. and Burian, T. and Dastjani-Farahani, S. and Graf, A. and Amati, M. and Gregoratti, L. and Hau-Riege, S.P. and Hoffmann, G. and Juha, L. and Krzywinski, J. and London, R.A. and Moeller, S. and Sinn, H. and Schorb, S. and Stoermer, M. and Tschentscher, T. and Vorlicek, V. and Vu, H. and Bozek, J. and Bostedt, C.},
title={Amorphous to crystalline phase transition in carbon induced by intense femtosecond x-ray free-electron laser pulses},
year={2012},
journal = {Physical Review  B},
volume = {86},
number = {2},
pages = {024103},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.024103},
abstract = {We present the results of an experiment where amorphous carbon undergoes a phase transition induced by femtosecond 830 eV x-ray free-electron laser pulses. The phase transition threshold fluence is found to be 282 ± 11 mJ/cm2. Atomic force microscopy, photoelectron microscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy give experimental evidence for the phase transition in terms of a volume expansion, graphitization, and change of
local order of the irradiated sample area. The interaction is modeled by an accurate time-dependent treatment of the ionization dynamics coupled to a two-temperature model. At the phase transition fluence threshold the free-electron density Ne is found to be at maximum 9 × 1020 cm−3 while the ion (atom) temperature is found to be 1050 K, e.g., above the crystallization activation temperature reported in the literature. This low ionization
rate and high atom temperature suggest a thermally activated phase transition.},
note = {Online available at: \url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.024103} (DOI). Gaudin, J.; Peyrusse, O.; Chalupsky, J.; Toufarova, M.; Vysin, L.; Hajkova, V.; Sobierajski, R.; Burian, T.; Dastjani-Farahani, S.; Graf, A.; Amati, M.; Gregoratti, L.; Hau-Riege, S.P.; Hoffmann, G.; Juha, L.; Krzywinski, J.; London, R.A.; Moeller, S.; Sinn, H.; Schorb, S.; Stoermer, M.; Tschentscher, T.; Vorlicek, V.; Vu, H.; Bozek, J.; Bostedt, C.: Amorphous to crystalline phase transition in carbon induced by intense femtosecond x-ray free-electron laser pulses. In: Physical Review  B. Vol. 86 (2012) 2, 024103. (DOI:  10.1103/PhysRevB.86.024103)}}