%0 report part
%@ 
%A Evans, K.,Cormier, R.,Dunstan, P.,Fulton, E.,Schmidt, J.,Simcock, A.,Stelzenmüller, V.,Tanh, C.,Wooley, S.

%D 2021
%J The Second World Ocean Assessment
%N 
%P 395-419 

%T Cumulative Effects
%U 
 
%X The  marine  environment  is  currently  subject  to  a  number  of  pressures,  many  of  which  are  derived  from  human  activities.  They  include  climate  change,  the  extraction  of  resources,  pollution  (from  land  and  marine  sources)  and  invasive species, resulting in biodiversity loss, habitat  damage  and  fragmentation  and  dis-ease (e.g., Evans and others, 2017). The aim of ecosystem-based  management  is  to  balance  human activities with environmental steward-ship  in  order  to  maintain  ecosystem  proper-ties, functions and services.1 That requires an appreciation of how and to what extent human activities and natural events interact and affect ecosystem components and their functioning. It also requires the identification of solutions to  prevent  and  mitigate  the  pressures  being  caused   by   such   interactions   (Halpern   and   others, 2008; Levin and others, 2009; Ban and others, 2010; Curtin and Prellezo, 2010). Those interactions are known as cumulative impacts or cumulative effects. [...]