%0 report part
%@ 
%A Prakash, A.,Cassotta, S.,Hinkel, J.,Holland, E.,Karim, S.,Orlove, B.,Ratter, B.,Rice, J.,Rivera-Arriaga, E.,Sutherland, C.

%D 2019
%J IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
%N 
%P 95-99 

%T Cross-Chapter Box 3: Governance of the Ocean; Coasts and the Cryosphere under Climate Change
%U 
 
%X This Cross-Chapter Box outlines governance and associated institutional challenges and emerging solutions relevant to the ocean, coasts and cryosphere in a changing climate. It illustrates these through three cases: (Case 1) multi-level interactions in Ocean and Arctic governance; (Case 2) mountain governance; and (Case 3) coastal risk governance. Governance refers to how political, social, economic and environmental systems and their interactions are governed or ‘steered’ by establishing and modifying institutional and organisational  arrangements  which  regulate  social  processes,  mitigate  conflicts  and  realise  mutual  gains  (North,  1990;  Pierre  and  Peters, 2000; Paavola, 2007). Institutions are formal and informal rules and norms, constructed and held in common by social actors that  guide,  constrain  and  shape  human  interactions  (North,  1990;  Ostrom,  2005).  Formal  institutions  include  constitutions,  laws,  policies and contracts, while informal institutions include customs, social norms and taboos. Both administrative or state government structures and indigenous or traditional governance structures govern the ocean, coasts and cryosphere.