%0 report part
%@ 
%A Magnan, A.,Garschagen, M.,Gattuso, J.,Hay, J.,Hilmi, N.,Holland, E.,Isla, F.,Kofinas, G.,Losada, I.,Petzold, J.,Ratter, B.,Schuur, E.,Tabe, T.,Van De Wal, R.

%D 2019
%J IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
%N 
%P 657-674 

%T Cross-Chapter Box 9: Integrative Cross-Chapter Box on Low-Lying Islands and Coasts
%U 
 
%X Ocean   and   cryosphere   changes   already   impact   Low-Lying   Islands   and   Coasts   (LLIC),   including   Small   Island  Developing  States  (SIDS),  with  cascading  and  compounding  risks.  Disproportionately  higher  risks  are  expected  in  the  course  of  the  21st  century.  Reinforcing  the  findings  of  the  IPCC  Special  Report  on  Global Warming of 1.5ºC, vulnerable human communities, especially those in coral reef environments and polar regions,  may  exceed  adaptation  limits  well  before  the  end  of  this  century  and  even  in  a  low  greenhouse  gas  emission pathway (high confidence1). Depending on the effectiveness of 21st century mitigation and adaptation pathways  under  all  emission  scenarios,  most  of  the  low-lying  regions  around  the  world  may  face  adaptation  limits  beyond  2100,  due  to  the  long-term  commitment  of  sea  level  rise  (medium  confidence). LLIC host  around  11% of the global population, generate about 14% of the global Gross Domestic Product and comprise many world cultural heritage sites. LLIC already experience climate-related ocean and cryosphere changes (high confidence), and they share both commonalities in their exposure and vulnerability to climate change (e.g., low elevation, human disturbances to terrestrial and  marine  ecosystems),  and  context-specificities  (e.g.,  variable  ecosystem  climate  sensitivities  and  risk  perceptions  by  populations).  Options  to  adapt  to  rising  seas,  e.g.,  range  from  hard  engineering  to  ecosystem-based  measures,  and  from  securing  current  settings  to  relocating  people,  built  assets  and  activities.  Effective  combinations  of  measures  vary  across  geographies (cities and megacities, small islands, deltas and Arctic coasts), and reflect the scale of observed and projected impacts, ecosystems’ and societies’ adaptive capacity, and the existence of transformational governance (high confidence) {Sections 3.5.3, 4.4.2 to 4.4.5, 5.5.2, 6.8, 6.9, Cross-Chapter Box 2 in Chapter 1}.