@misc{hauck_overcoming_water_2023, 
author={Hauck, M.,Saure, L.M.,Zeller-Plumhoff, B.,Kaps, S.,Hammel, J.,Mohr, C.,Rieck, L.,Nia, A.S.,Feng, X.,Pugno, N.M.,Adelung, R.,Schütt, F.},
title={Overcoming water diffusion limitations in hydrogels via microtubular graphene networks for soft actuators},
year={2023},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302816},
abstract = {Hydrogel-based soft actuators can operate in sensitive environments, bridging the gap of rigid machines interacting with soft matter. However, while stimuli-responsive hydrogels can undergo extreme reversible volume changes of up to ≈90%, water transport in hydrogel actuators is in general limited by their poroelastic behavior. For poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) the actuation performance is even further compromised by the formation of a dense skin layer. Here it is shown, that incorporating a bioinspired microtube graphene network into a PNIPAM matrix with a total porosity of only 5.4% dramatically enhances actuation dynamics by up to ≈400% and actuation stress by ≈4000% without sacrificing the mechanical stability, overcoming the water transport limitations. The graphene network provides both untethered light-controlled and electrically powered actuation. It is anticipated that the concept provides a versatile platform for enhancing the functionality of soft matter by combining responsive and 2D materials, paving the way toward designing soft intelligent matter.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302816} (DOI). Hauck, M.; Saure, L.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Kaps, S.; Hammel, J.; Mohr, C.; Rieck, L.; Nia, A.; Feng, X.; Pugno, N.; Adelung, R.; Schütt, F.: Overcoming water diffusion limitations in hydrogels via microtubular graphene networks for soft actuators. Advanced Materials. 2023. vol. 35, no. 41, 2302816. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302816}}