@misc{espiritu_evaluating_metallic_2022, 
author={Espiritu, J.,Berangi, M.,Yiannakou, C.,Silva, E.,Francischello, R.,Kuehne, A.,Niendorf, T.,Könneker, S.,Willumeit-Römer, R.,Seitz, J.-M.},
title={Evaluating metallic artefact of biodegradable magnesium-based implants in magnetic resonance imaging},
year={2022},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.035},
abstract = {Magnesium (Mg) implants have shown to cause image artefacts or distortions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Yet, there is a lack of information on how the degradation of Mg-based implants influences the image quality of MRI examinations. In this study, Mg-based implants are analysed in vitro, ex vivo, and in the clinical setting for various magnetic field strengths with the aim to quantify metallic artefact behaviour. In vitro corroded Mg-based screws and a titanium (Ti) equivalent were imaged according to the ASTM F2119. Mg-based and Ti pins were also implanted into rat femurs for different time points and scanned to provide insights on the influence of soft and hard tissue on metallic artefact. Additionally, MRI data of patients with scaphoid fractures treated with CE-approved Mg-based compression screws (MAGNEZIX®) were analysed at various time points post-surgery. The artefact production of the Mg-based material decreased as implant material degraded in all settings. The worst-case imaging scenario was determined to be when the imaging plane was selected to be perpendicular to the implant axis. Moreover, the Mg-based implant outperformed the Ti equivalent in all experiments by producing lower metallic artefact (p < 0.05). This investigation demonstrates that Mg-based implants generate significantly lower metallic distortion in MRI when compared to Ti. Our positive findings suggest and support further research into the application of Mg-based implants including post-operative care facilitated by MRI monitoring of degradation kinetics and bone/tissue healing processes.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.035} (DOI). Espiritu, J.; Berangi, M.; Yiannakou, C.; Silva, E.; Francischello, R.; Kuehne, A.; Niendorf, T.; Könneker, S.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Seitz, J.: Evaluating metallic artefact of biodegradable magnesium-based implants in magnetic resonance imaging. Bioactive Materials. 2022. vol. 15, 382-391. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.035}}