@misc{horstmann_global_wind_2003, 
author={Horstmann, J.,Schiller, H.,Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.,Lehner, S.},
title={Global wind speed retrieval from SAR},
year={2003},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.814658},
abstract = {The global availability of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) wave mode data from the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellites ERS-1 and ERS-2, as well as ENVISAT, allows for the investigation of the wind field over the ocean on a global and continuous basis. For this purpose, 27 days of ERS-2 SAR wave mode data were processed, representing a total of 34310 imagettes of size 10 km /spl times/5 km, available every 200 km along the satellite track. In this paper, two methods for retrieving wind speeds from SAR imagettes are presented and validated, showing the applicability of ENVISAT alike SAR wave mode data for global ocean wind retrieval. The first method is based on the well-tested empirical C-band scatterometer (SCAT) models, which describe the dependency of the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) on wind speed and direction. To apply C-band models to SAR data, the NRCS needs to be accurately calibrated. This is performed by a new efficient method utilizing a subset of colocated measurements from ERS-2 SCAT and model winds from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). SAR wind speeds are computed from the calibrated imagettes and compared to the entire set of colocated ERS-2 SCAT and ECMWF model data. Comparison to ERS-2 SCAT winds result in a correlation of 0.95 with a bias of -0.01 m s/sup -1/ and an rms error of 1.0 m s/sup -1/. The second approach is based on neural networks (NNs), which allow the retrieval of wind speeds from uncalibrated SAR imagettes. NNs are trained using the mean intensity of ERS-2 SAR imagettes and colocated wind data from the ERS-2 SCAT and ECMWF model data. Validation of the NN-retrieved SAR wind speeds to ERS-2 SCAT and ECMWF model wind data result in a correlation of 0.96 with a bias of -0.04 m s/sup -1/ and an rms error of 0.93 m s/sup -1/.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.814658} (DOI). Horstmann, J.; Schiller, H.; Schulz-Stellenfleth, J.; Lehner, S.: Global wind speed retrieval from SAR. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2003. vol. 41, no. 10, 2277-2286. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2003.814658}}