@misc{mller_predation_risk_2020, 
author={Möller, K.,St. John, M.,Temming, A.,Diekmann, R.,Peters, J.,Floeter, J.,Sell, A.,Herrmann, J.,Gloe, D.,Schmidt, J.,Hinrichsen, H.,Möllmann, C.},
title={Predation risk triggers copepod small-scale behavior in the Baltic Sea},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbaa044},
abstract = {Predators not only have direct impact on biomass but also indirect, non-consumptive effects on the behavior their prey organisms. A characteristic response of zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems is predator avoidance by diel vertical migration (DVM), a behavior which is well studied on the population level. A wide range of behavioral diversity and plasticity has been observed both between- as well as within-species and, hence, investigating predator–prey interactions at the individual level seems therefore essential for a better understanding of zooplankton dynamics. Here we applied an underwater imaging instrument, the video plankton recorder (VPR), which allows the non-invasive investigation of individual, diel adaptive behavior of zooplankton in response to predators in the natural oceanic environment, providing a finely resolved and continuous documentation of the organisms’ vertical distribution. Combing observations of copepod individuals observed with the VPR and hydroacoustic estimates of predatory fish biomass, we here show (i) a small-scale DVM of ovigerous Pseudocalanus acuspes females in response to its main predators, (ii) in-situ observations of a direct short-term reaction of the prey to the arrival of the predator and (iii) in-situ evidence of pronounced individual variation in this adaptive behavior with potentially strong effects on individual performance and ecosystem functioning.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbaa044} (DOI). Möller, K.; St. John, M.; Temming, A.; Diekmann, R.; Peters, J.; Floeter, J.; Sell, A.; Herrmann, J.; Gloe, D.; Schmidt, J.; Hinrichsen, H.; Möllmann, C.: Predation risk triggers copepod small-scale behavior in the Baltic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research. 2020. vol. 42, no. 6, 702-713. DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbaa044}}