@misc{xu_tensile_toughening_2020, 
author={Xu, P.,Pyczak, F.,Yan, M.,Limberg, W.,Willumeit-Römer, R.,Ebel, T.},
title={Tensile toughening of powder-injection-molded β Ti-Nb-Zr biomaterials by adjusting TiC particle distribution from aligned to dispersed pattern},
year={2020},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100630},
abstract = {The powder metallurgically produced β titanium alloys have long been plagued by high impurity contamination. One of them is the carbon contamination of binder-based powder technologies that originates from the sintering atmosphere, the debinding process and the starting powders. In general, a normal carbon residual of binder-based powder technologies is capable of incurring the formation of aligned TiCx particles along prior β grain boundaries (GB-TiCx) in most classes of β titanium. Premature intergranular fracture of materials invariably ensues during plastic deformation, which hinders their commercialization in structural applications. A novel toughening strategy by regulating TiCx precipitation evolution and resultantly adjusting particle distribution is suggested. In this study, biotolerant metastable β Ti-Nb-Zr alloys containing 0.05 wt% standard carbon residual and consequently 0.5 vol% in situ synthesized TiCx particles were fabricated via powder injection molding. Synchrotron radiation identified that two separate TiCx precipitation-type reactions occurred at β phase region and α/β region. In a narrow temperature range between these two precipitation reactions, dissolution of carbides is observed just below α/β transus. Yttrium addition can postpone TiCx precipitation. On the basis of those mechanisms, adjusting TiCx particle distribution is proposed for the first time, specifically a combination of yttrium addition (Y) and carbide spheroidization reprecipitation annealing (CSRA). As a result, aligned GB-TiCx particles were adjusted to dispersed intragranular TiCx particles. An apparent toughening effect (≈113% increment reaching εf = 8.3%) was achieved after TiCx redistribution, while non-optimally aligned TiCx pattern seriously limited tensile toughness of materials by two negative crack propagation modes. Here, the mechanisms of TiCx redistribution behavior and its toughening are elucidated systematically.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100630} (DOI). Xu, P.; Pyczak, F.; Yan, M.; Limberg, W.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Ebel, T.: Tensile toughening of powder-injection-molded β Ti-Nb-Zr biomaterials by adjusting TiC particle distribution from aligned to dispersed pattern. Applied Materials Today. 2020. vol. 19, 100630. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100630}}