@misc{gvaramia_tunable_viscosity_2019, 
author={Gvaramia, M.,Mangiapia, G.,Pipich, V.,Appavou, M.,Jaksch, S.,Holderer, O.,Rukhadze, M.,Frielinghaus, H.},
title={Tunable viscosity modification with diluted particles: when particles decrease the viscosity of complex fluids},
year={2019},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-019-04567-6},
abstract = {While spherical particles are the most studied viscosity modifiers, they are well known only to increase viscosities, in particular at low concentrations of approx. 1%. Extended studies and theories on non-spherical particles in simple fluids find a more complicated behavior, but still a steady increase with increasing concentration. Involving platelets in combination with complex fluids—in our case, a bicontinuous microemulsion—displays an even more complex scenario that we analyze experimentally and theoretically as a function of platelet diameter using small angle neutron scattering, rheology, and the theory of the lubrication effect, to find the underlying concepts. The clay particles effectively form membranes in the medium that itself may have lamellar aligned domains and surfactant films in the case of the microemulsion. The two-stage structure of clay and surfactant membranes explains the findings using the theory of the lubrication effect. This confirms that layered domain structures serve for lowest viscosities. Starting from these findings and transferring the condition for low viscosities to other complex fluids, namely crude oils, even lowered viscosities with respect to the pure crude oil were observed. This strengthens our belief that also here layered domains are formed as well. This apparent contradiction of a viscosity reduction by solid particles could lead to a wider range of applications where low viscosities are desired. The same concepts of two-stage layered structures also explain the observed conditions for extremely enhanced viscosities at particle concentrations of 1% that may be interesting for the food industry.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-019-04567-6} (DOI). Gvaramia, M.; Mangiapia, G.; Pipich, V.; Appavou, M.; Jaksch, S.; Holderer, O.; Rukhadze, M.; Frielinghaus, H.: Tunable viscosity modification with diluted particles: when particles decrease the viscosity of complex fluids. Colloid and Polymer Science. 2019. vol. 297, no. 11-12, 1507-1517. DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04567-6}}