@misc{chen_omnidirectional_shape_2017, 
author={Chen, D.,Xia, X.,Wong, T.W.,Bai, H.,Behl, M.,Zhao, Q.,Lendlein, A.,Xie, T.},
title={Omnidirectional Shape Memory Effect via Lyophilization of PEG Hydrogels},
year={2017},
howpublished = {journal article},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201600746},
abstract = {Device applications of shape memory polymers demand diverse shape changing geometries, which are currently limited to non-omnidirectional movement. This restriction originates from traditional thermomechanical programming methods such as uniaxial, biaxial stretching, bending, or compression. A solvent-modulated programming method is reported to achieve an omnidirectional shape memory behavior. The method utilizes freeze drying of hydrogels of polyethylene glycol networks with a melting transition temperature around 50 °C in their dry state. Such a process creates temporarily fixed macroporosity, which collapses upon heating, leading to significant omnidirectional shrinkage. These shrunken materials can swell in water to form hydrogels again and the omnidirectional programming and recovery can be repeated. The fixity ratio (R f) and recovery ratio (R r) can be maintained at 90% and 98% respectively upon shape memory multicycling. The maximum linear recoverable strain, as limited by the maximum swelling, is ≈90%. Amongst various application potentials, one can envision the fabrication of multiphase composites by taking advantages of the omnidirectional shrinkage from a porous polymer to a denser structure.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201600746} (DOI). Chen, D.; Xia, X.; Wong, T.; Bai, H.; Behl, M.; Zhao, Q.; Lendlein, A.; Xie, T.: Omnidirectional Shape Memory Effect via Lyophilization of PEG Hydrogels. Macromolecular Rapid Communications. 2017. vol. 38, no. 7, 1600746. DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600746}}