@misc{lemmen_gradient_adaptive_2015, 
author={Lemmen, C.},
title={Gradient Adaptive Dynamics Describes Innovation and Resilience at the Society Scale},
year={2015},
howpublished = {book part},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1201/b18530-26},
abstract = {Simulating a complex system like a human society faces an inherent challenge: On the one hand, a simulation requires an underlying model, i.e., a target-oriented and simplified mapping of the system (Stachowiak 1973). On the other hand, the observations we make about societies, e.g., about the foraging-farming transition (Boserup 1965), are a result of complex interaction patterns between many agents possessing a multitude of,individual strategies, preferences, and options to act (Shanks and Tilley 1987). No model captures the full complexity of a society, by definition. No simulation can reproduce the full spectrum of observations in a society, by definition.,Observing Stachowiak’s (1973) definition, the target-orientation in modeling means to reduce the complexity of a system such that certain aspects of the modeled system are described that help to answer a specific set of (research) questions. The challenge in modeling is to isolate these few important aspects and to describe the processes that govern their evolution.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1201/b18530-26} (DOI). Lemmen, C.: Gradient Adaptive Dynamics Describes Innovation and Resilience at the Society Scale. In: Barcelo, J.; Bogdanovic, I. (Ed.): Mathematics and Archaeology. CRC Press. 2015. 405-415. DOI: 10.1201/b18530-26}}